RULES OF LAW

 Have you ever felt like you're doing everything right — staying busy, trying new ideas — and yet, somehow, you're not seeing the results you want? I recently read Thibaut Meurisse’s Master Your Thinking: A Practical Guide to Align Yourself with Reality and Achieve Tangible Results in the Real World , which highlighted a powerful insight: success doesn’t depend on the actions we take, but on the way we think about them. This aligns with what I’ve observed throughout my years of working with senior leadership across Indian and global companies. One of the book's foundational insights draws from the classic 80/20 principle: twenty percent of your actions generate eighty percent of your results . Mastery, then, demands the discipline to identify this crucial twenty percent — the high-leverage activities — and relentlessly focus on them. Everything else? It should either be delegated, automated, or eliminated altogether. Accurate thinking isn't just about making smart dec...

The Indian judicial system, long heralded as a pillar of justice and democracy, now finds itself facing critical challenges that threaten its very core. An observation by a criminal court in India recently highlighted one of these pressing concerns. The statement reads, "Passover is not possible due to heavy workload. This court is handling work of two police stations and one traffic circle with total pendency of almost 8000 matters, and the shortest possible dates are given accordingly." This stark revelation paints a troubling picture of an overburdened system that is struggling to maintain its efficiency. The Unbearable Workload The court’s statement underscores a crisis that has been brewing for years. Courts across the country are inundated with cases—civil, criminal, and administrative—leading to an ever-growing backlog. As this specific instance shows, a single court handling the workload of two police stations and a traffic circle with a pending caseload of 8000 m...

Unstamped arbitration agreements are not enforceable in law, and failure to pay the requisite stamp duty can have serious implications on the enforceability of the agreement. The recent decision by the Supreme Court in Civil Appeal No(s). 3802-3803 of 2020 N.N. Global Mercantile Private Limited Versus Indo Unique Flame Ltd. & Ors. has clarified the legal position on the enforceability of unstamped arbitration agreements. The Court held that an instrument, which is exigible to stamp duty, such as an arbitration agreement, cannot be said to be enforceable if it is not stamped or is insufficiently stamped. This decision has far-reaching implications on the enforceability of unstamped agreements containing arbitration clauses, and has redefined the legal position on this issue. Section 2(h) of the Contract Act defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law, while Section 2(g) defines an agreement as a promise or set of promises enforceable by law. An unstamped agreement, the...

The Doctrine of Frustration: When Contractual Obligations Become Impossible Contracts are the backbone of commercial transactions, but what happens when circumstances change beyond the control of the parties, making it impossible to perform the obligations under the contract? Contracts form the basis of business transactions, with parties relying on each other to fulfill their obligations. However, there are times when unforeseen events or circumstances arise, rendering it impossible to perform the contract. This is where the doctrine of frustration comes into play. Under section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract can be discharged on the grounds of subsequent impossibility if an unexpected event or change of circumstances occurs, which was beyond the control of the parties and fundamentally alters the purpose or basis of the contract. The use of the word "impossible" in this context does not refer to literal or physical impossibility but rather the impract...

The principle of prospective operation of statutes is a fundamental aspect of legal interpretation that is crucial to upholding the rights of individuals, and it is essential for legal practitioners, business leaders, and the individuals to understand its implications. The settled rule of interpretation is that any amendment to a statute that affects the legal rights of an individual must be presumed to be prospective, unless it is expressly or impliedly retrospective. This principle is fundamental to the interpretation of all legislation and ensures that the rights of individuals are protected under the law. When a repeal of an enactment is followed by a fresh legislation, such legislation does not affect the substantive rights of the parties on the date of the suit or adjudication of the suit, unless it is retrospective. This means that a court of appeal cannot take into consideration a new law brought into existence after the judgment appealed from has been rendered, as the righ...

  Section 186 Loan and Investment by Company: A Comprehensive Guide to Compliances Companies frequently engage in loan transactions and investments to finance their operations and grow their business. However, these transactions need to comply with legal requirements to prevent fraud and protect stakeholders' interests. The Companies Act, 2013, provides regulations for loans and investments made by companies, including the maximum limit, conditions for exemptions, and compliances to be followed. In this article, we will discuss Section 186 of the Companies Act, 2013, and the checklist for its compliances. Section 186 of the Companies Act, 2013, restricts companies from directly or indirectly giving loans, guarantees, or securities to any person or body corporate exceeding 60% of its paid-up share capital, free reserves, and securities premium account, or 100% of its free reserves and securities premium account, whichever is more. The word "person" above does not include a...

  Diversity is a key factor that is receiving increasing attention from regulators, investors, and other stakeholders. Regulation 17 (1) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR) Regulations, 2015, which mandates the composition of the board of directors of a listed entity. The regulation specifies that the board of directors must have an optimal combination of executive and non-executive directors, with at least one woman director. Additionally, not less than 50% of the board of directors must comprise of non-executive directors. The regulation further states that the top 1000 listed entities must have at least one independent woman director. This requirement is in addition to having an optimal combination of executive and non-executive directors. The top 1000 entities are determined based on their market capitalization as at the end of the immediate previous financial year. Furthermore, if the chairperson of th...

In today's securities market, investor confidence is paramount, and an efficient grievance redressal mechanism is essential to ensure that investors have faith in the system. According to Regulation 13 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, a listed entity shall ensure that adequate steps are taken for the expeditious redressal of investor complaints. The listed entity shall also register on the SCORES platform or another electronic platform mandated by the Board to handle investor complaints electronically. The entity shall file a statement with the recognized stock exchange(s) on a quarterly basis, indicating the number of investor complaints pending, received, disposed of, and unresolved during the quarter. An efficient grievance redressal mechanism is vital for investor confidence. Investors must feel that their concerns and complaints are heard and addressed in a timely and effective manner. The pr...

  In the world of securities and exchange, the appointment of a qualified compliance officer is not only a regulatory obligation but a crucial step towards ensuring the letter and spirit of the law. As per Regulation 6 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, every listed entity is required to appoint a qualified company secretary as the compliance officer. The compliance officer is tasked with various responsibilities that range from ensuring conformity with regulatory provisions, co-ordination with the board, stock exchanges and depositories, to monitoring the grievance redressal division. From a legal perspective, the role of the compliance officer in a listed entity cannot be overstated. The compliance officer ensures that the correct procedures have been followed, which leads to the accuracy, authenticity, and comprehensiveness of information, statements, and reports filed by the listed entity under ...

The Companies Act, 2013 provides for various legal mechanisms that can be used by companies to restructure their operations, consolidate their assets, and achieve economies of scale. Two commonly used mechanisms are compromise and arrangement. Compromise and arrangement refer to a legal process under which a company can restructure its debt or equity capital, or both, in a manner that is acceptable to its shareholders and creditors. This process involves negotiations between the company and its stakeholders, followed by a court-approved plan of compromise and arrangement. The term “compromise” is not defined under Companies Act, 2013 and it has no legal meaning. Generally, Compromise presupposes a dispute. Compromise is an expression which implies the existence of a dispute such as relating to rights, which it seeks to settle. There can be no compromise unless there is some dispute e.g. as to the power to enforce rights or as to what those rights are. Arrangement contemplates all...

As per the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, a listed entity is required to appoint a share transfer agent or manage the share transfer facility in-house. This ensures that the transfer of securities is carried out in an efficient and transparent manner. If the listed entity manages the share transfer facility in-house and the total number of holders of securities exceeds one lakh, the entity must either register with the Board as a Category II share transfer agent or appoint a Registrar to an issue and share transfer agent registered with the Board. This ensures that the entity is able to manage the share transfer facility effectively and efficiently. The listed entity must ensure that all activities related to the share transfer facility are maintained either in-house or by a Registrar to an issue and share transfer agent registered with the Board. This ensures that the transfer of securities is carried out in a secure and transparent manne...

Supreme Court Civil Appeal No 527 of 2023 Securities and Exchange Board of India Versus V. Shankar filed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India under Section 15Z of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 arises from a judgment dated 1 November 2022 of the Securities Appellate Tribunal. The Securities Appellate Tribunal, while allowing the appeal by the respondent, set aside an order dated 22 March 2022 of the Whole Time Member under Section 15HA of the SEBI Act by which a penalty of Rs Ten lakhs was imposed on the respondent for violating of Sections 68 and 77A of the Companies Act 1956 and Regulations 3(a), ( b), (c), (d), 4(1), 4(2)(f), (k) and (r) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to the Securities Market) Regulations 2003 read with Sections 12A (a), (b) and (c) of the SEBI Act. The respondent was a Company Secretary of Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited for two years, 2009-10 and 2010-...

The Company’s Memorandum of association represents its charter as it defines the objects for which it has been setup. In Cotman Vs. Brougham (1918)AC 514, it was observed that “the purpose of memorandum is to enable the shareholders, creditors and those dealing with the company to know what is its permitted range of enterprise”. The Memorandum of association sets out the boundaries beyond which the company cannot traverse. Any action of a company which is beyond the memorandum is ultra virus and void and incapable of being ratified. Where there is no connection or nexus between the power exercised and the attainment of an object, the exercise of such power shall be deemed to be ultra virus. Section 4(1) of the Companies Act 2013   provides the relevant information that a Memorandum of association shall provide, which includes, in sub-clause (a) the name of the company; in sub-clause (b) the State in which the registered office of the company is to be situated; in sub-Clause (c)...

In civil   appeal no. 2776 OF 2022 in the matter of MAHIMA DATLA VERSUS DR. RENUKA DATLA & ORS. Supreme Court of India held that Duomatic Principle is applicable even in the Indian context. Strict adherence to a statutory requirement may be dispensed with if it is demonstrated any act that the members of a company can do by formal resolution in a general meeting is done with the consent of all the members of the Company. Although this Principle is only applicable in those cases wherein bona fide transactions are involved in case of fraud this principal is a clear exception. The Duomatic Principle can be briefly stated as “anything the members of a company can do by formal resolution in a general meeting, they can also do informally, if all of them assent to it.” This Principle was derived from the decision In Re: Duomatic Ltd., [1969] 2 Ch. 365, wherein Buckley, J. held as under: “where it can be shown that all shareholders who have a right to attend and vote at a general m...

  Court while hearing objections under the scope of section 34 of the arbitration act cannot interfere unless the findings and conclusions of the arbitrator are totally perverse and illegal. Perversity of the award goes to the root of the matter without there being a possibility of alternative interpretation which may sustain the arbitral award. Perversity or irrationality of decisions is tested on the touchstone of Wednesbury principle of reasonableness. Decisions that fall short of the standards of reasonableness are open to challenge in a court of law often in writ jurisdiction of the superior courts but no less in statutory processes wherever the same are available. Intervention of the courts is envisaged in few circumstances only like in case of fraud or bias by the arbitrators; violation of principal of natural justice etc. courts can correct the error of arbitrator. An award contrary to substantive provisions of law or the provisions of Arbitration and conciliation Act, ...

Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs 1)     Notwithstanding anything in Article 32 every High Court shall have powers, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibitions, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose. 2)    The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or authority or the residence of such person is not within th...

Insolvency and bankruptcy Code, 2016 is to ensure revival and continuation of the Corporate Debtor, where liquidation would be the last resort and scheme and structure of the code should be interpreted keeping in view the objectives of the code. Supreme Court of India in the matter of Jaypee Kensington Boulevard Apartments Welfare Association & ORS. VS NBCC (India) Ltd. & ors. observed the same. The code is a linear process that both creditors and debtors follow when insolvency is triggered; a collective mechanism for resolving insolvency within a framework of equity and fairness to all stakeholders to preserve economic value in the process; a time bound process either ends in keeping the firm as a going enterprise, or liquidates and distributes the assets to the various stakeholders. The Preamble of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. 2016 gives an insight into what is sought to be achieved by the Code. Preamble states the code as: “An Act to consolidate and amend the laws r...

BSE on 31.03.2021 issued circular no.  20210331-2 and stated that the exchange  has introduced facility of filing of Annual Secretarial Compliance Report in XBRL mode under Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing  Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 with immediate effect as per SEBI Circular CIR/CFD/CMD1/27/2019 dated February 08,2019. The disclosure to the Stock Exchange(s) shall be made by listed entities within 60 days of end of the Financial year. The listed companies are required to submit Annual Secretarial compliance report in PDF mode along with the submission of the Annual Secretarial compliance report in XBRL mode.

A Company in law is equal to a natural person and has a separate legal entity of its own. The entity of a Company in entirely separate from that of its shareholders; it bears its own name, its assets are separate and distinct from those of its members; it can sue and be sued exclusively for its own purpose; its creditors cannot obtain satisfaction from the assets of its members; the liability of the members or shareholders is limited to the capital invested by them; similarly, the creditors of the members have no right to the assets of the corporation. This position has been well-established in the case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. (1897) A.C. 22, H.L. which was pronounced in 1897 by the House of Lords. But the  concept of Corporate Veil was established to encourage and promote trade and commerce, not to defraud people, evade obligations of law or to commit illegalities which are otherwise not permissible in law. Therefore, where a Company is established with the purpose of de...

As per Section 137 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 copy of the financial statements, including consolidated financial statement, if any, along with all the documents which are required to be or attached to such financial statements under the Companies Act,2013 duly adopted at the annual general meeting of the company, shall be filed with the Registrar within thirty days of the date of annual general meeting in Form AOC-4 and the consolidated financial statements, if any, with form AOC-4 CFS, with the prescribed fee. The following class of companies shall file their financial statements and other documents under section 137 of the Act with the Registrar in e-form AOC-4 XBRL:-   (i) companies listed with stock exchanges in India and their Indian subsidiaries; (ii) companies having paid up capital of five crore rupees or above; (iii) companies having turnover of one hundred crore rupees or above; (iv) all companies which are required to prepare their financial statements i...